Rather than attempting to describe all the different hardware configurations which are supported for 32-bit PC, this section contains general information and pointers to where additional information can be found.
Debian GNU/Linux 6.0 supports eleven major architectures and several
variations of each architecture known as “flavors”.
Debian GNU/kFreeBSD 6.0 supports two architectures.
This document covers installation for the 32-bit PC architecture using the Linux kernel. If you are looking for information on any of the other Debian-supported architectures take a look at the Debian-Ports pages.
| Architecture | Debian Designation | Subarchitecture | Flavor |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intel x86-based | i386 | ||
| AMD64 & Intel EM64T | amd64 | ||
| ARM | armel | Intel IOP32x | iop32x |
| Intel IXP4xx | ixp4xx | ||
| Marvell Kirkwood | kirkwood | ||
| Marvell Orion | orion5x | ||
| Versatile | versatile | ||
| HP PA-RISC | hppa | PA-RISC 1.1 | 32 |
| PA-RISC 2.0 | 64 | ||
| Intel IA-64 | ia64 | ||
| MIPS (big endian) | mips | SGI IP22 (Indy/Indigo 2) | r4k-ip22 |
| SGI IP32 (O2) | r5k-ip32 | ||
| MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta | ||
| MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
| MIPS (little endian) | mipsel | Cobalt | cobalt |
| MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta | ||
| MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
| IBM/Motorola PowerPC | powerpc | PowerMac | pmac |
| PReP | prep | ||
| Sun SPARC | sparc | sun4u | sparc64 |
| sun4v | |||
| IBM S/390 | s390 | IPL from VM-reader and DASD | generic |
| IPL from tape | tape |
Debian GNU/kFreeBSD 6.0 supports two architectures.
| Architecture | Debian Designation |
|---|---|
| Intel x86-based | kfreebsd-i386 |
| AMD64 & Intel EM64T | kfreebsd-amd64 |
This document covers installation for the 32-bit PC architecture using the Linux kernel. If you are looking for information on any of the other Debian-supported architectures take a look at the Debian-Ports pages.
Complete information concerning supported peripherals can be found at
Linux Hardware Compatibility HOWTO.
This section merely outlines the basics.
Nearly all x86-based (IA-32) processors still in use in personal computers
are supported, including all varieties of Intel's "Pentium" series.
This also includes 32-bit AMD and VIA (former Cyrix) processors, and
processors like the Athlon XP and Intel P4 Xeon.
However, Debian GNU/Linux squeeze will not run on 386 or earlier processors. Despite the architecture name "i386", support for actual 80386 processors (and their clones) was dropped with the Sarge (r3.1) release of Debian[2]. (No version of Linux has ever supported the 286 or earlier chips in the series.) All i486 and later processors are still supported[3].
However, Debian GNU/Linux squeeze will not run on 386 or earlier processors. Despite the architecture name "i386", support for actual 80386 processors (and their clones) was dropped with the Sarge (r3.1) release of Debian[2]. (No version of Linux has ever supported the 286 or earlier chips in the series.) All i486 and later processors are still supported[3].
Note
If your system has a 64-bit processor from the AMD64 or Intel EM64T families, you will probably want to use the installer for the amd64 architecture instead of the installer for the (32-bit) i386 architecture.
The system bus is the part of the motherboard which allows the CPU to
communicate with peripherals such as storage devices. Your computer
must use the ISA, EISA, PCI, PCIe, PCI-X, or VESA Local Bus (VLB, sometimes called the VL
bus). Essentially all personal computers sold in recent years use one
of these.
Laptops are also supported and nowadays most laptops work out of the box.
In case a laptop contains specialized or proprietary hardware, some specific
functions may not be supported. To see if your particular laptop works well
with GNU/Linux, see for example the
Linux Laptop pages.
Multiprocessor support — also called “symmetric
multiprocessing” or SMP — is available for this architecture.
The standard Debian 6.0 kernel image has been compiled with
SMP-alternatives support. This means that the kernel
will detect the number of processors (or processor cores) and will
automatically deactivate SMP on uniprocessor systems.
The 486 flavour of the Debian kernel image packages for 32-bit PC is not compiled with SMP support.
The 486 flavour of the Debian kernel image packages for 32-bit PC is not compiled with SMP support.
You should be using a VGA-compatible display interface for the console
terminal. Nearly every modern display card is compatible with
VGA. Ancient standards such CGA, MDA, or HGA should also work,
assuming you do not require X11 support. Note that X11 is not used
during the installation process described in this document unless the
graphical installer was explicitly selected.
Debian's support for graphical interfaces is determined by the underlying support found in X.Org's X11 system. Most AGP, PCI, PCIe, and PCI-X video cards work under X.Org. Details on supported graphics buses, cards, monitors, and pointing devices can be found at http://xorg.freedesktop.org/. Debian 6.0 ships with X.Org version 7.5.
Debian's support for graphical interfaces is determined by the underlying support found in X.Org's X11 system. Most AGP, PCI, PCIe, and PCI-X video cards work under X.Org. Details on supported graphics buses, cards, monitors, and pointing devices can be found at http://xorg.freedesktop.org/. Debian 6.0 ships with X.Org version 7.5.
Almost any network interface card (NIC) supported by the Linux kernel
should also be supported by the installation system; modular drivers
should normally be loaded automatically.
This includes most PCI and PCMCIA cards.
Many older ISA cards are supported as well.
ISDN is supported, but not during the installation.
ISDN is supported, but not during the installation.
Wireless networking is in general supported as well and a growing number of
wireless adapters are supported by the official Linux kernel, although many
of them do require firmware to be loaded. If firmware is needed, the installer
will prompt you to load firmware. See Section 6.4, “Loading Missing Firmware”
for detailed information on how to load firmware during the installation.
Wireless NICs that are not supported by the official Linux kernel can generally be made to work under Debian GNU/Linux, but are not supported during the installation.
Support for encrypted wireless during installation is currently limited to WEP. If your access point uses stronger encryption, it cannot be used during the installation process.
If there is a problem with wireless and there is no other NIC you can use during the installation, it is still possible to install Debian GNU/Linux using a full CD-ROM or DVD image. Select the option to not configure a network and install using only the packages available from the CD/DVD. You can then install the driver and firmware you need after the installation is completed (after the reboot) and configure your network manually.
In some cases the driver you need may not be available as a Debian package. You will then have to look if there is source code available in the internet and compile the driver yourself. How to do this is outside the scope of this manual. If no Linux driver is available, your last resort is to use the
Wireless NICs that are not supported by the official Linux kernel can generally be made to work under Debian GNU/Linux, but are not supported during the installation.
Support for encrypted wireless during installation is currently limited to WEP. If your access point uses stronger encryption, it cannot be used during the installation process.
If there is a problem with wireless and there is no other NIC you can use during the installation, it is still possible to install Debian GNU/Linux using a full CD-ROM or DVD image. Select the option to not configure a network and install using only the packages available from the CD/DVD. You can then install the driver and firmware you need after the installation is completed (after the reboot) and configure your network manually.
In some cases the driver you need may not be available as a Debian package. You will then have to look if there is source code available in the internet and compile the driver yourself. How to do this is outside the scope of this manual. If no Linux driver is available, your last resort is to use the
ndiswrapper package, which allows you to use
a Windows driver.
Support for braille displays is determined by the underlying support
found in
brltty. Most displays work under
brltty, connected via either a serial port, USB
or bluetooth. Details on supported braille devices can be found on the
brltty website.
Debian GNU/Linux 6.0 ships with brltty version
4.2.
Support for hardware speech synthesis devices is determined by the
underlying support found in
speakup.
speakup only supports integrated boards and
external devices connected to a serial port (no USB or serial-to-USB
adapters are supported). Details on supported hardware speech synthesis
devices can be found on the
speakup website.
Debian GNU/Linux 6.0 ships with speakup version
3.1.5.
Linux supports a large variety of hardware devices such as mice,
printers, scanners, PCMCIA and USB devices. However, most of these
devices are not required while installing the system.
USB hardware generally works fine, only some USB keyboards may require additional configuration (see Section 3.6.4, “Hardware Issues to Watch Out For”).
Again, see the Linux Hardware Compatibility HOWTO to determine whether your specific hardware is supported by Linux.
USB hardware generally works fine, only some USB keyboards may require additional configuration (see Section 3.6.4, “Hardware Issues to Watch Out For”).
Again, see the Linux Hardware Compatibility HOWTO to determine whether your specific hardware is supported by Linux.
[2]
We have long tried to avoid this, but in the end it was necessary due a
unfortunate series of issues with the compiler and the kernel, starting
with an bug in the C++ ABI provided by GCC. You should still be able to
run Debian GNU/Linux on actual 80386 processors if you compile your own
kernel and compile all packages from source, but that is beyond the
scope of this manual.
[3]
Many Debian packages will actually run slightly faster on modern computers
as a positive side effect of dropping support for these old chips. The
i486, introduced in 1989, has three opcodes (bswap, cmpxchg, and xadd)
which the i386, introduced in 1986, did not have. Previously, these could not
be easily used by most Debian packages; now they can.
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